CNC machining: The manufacturing & design guide
Learn about how the many different kinds of CNC machines work, the materials available, the benefits & limitations, basic design rules and the most common applications.
Read articleWe manufacture high-quality, competitively priced custom prototypes & production parts. Upload a CAD file for an instant CNC machining quote. Order parts in 5 minutes from your desk.
Get an instant CNC quote All uploads are secure and confidentialHubs uses state-of-the-art technology to bring custom CNC machining online. We work with a large network of manufacturing partners that together have over 1,600 milling and turning machines, which means we always have capacity and very competitive prices. It also means we can produce both complex prototypes and low-volume production runs of precision machined parts, in a broad range of metals and plastics and with many surfaces finishes too. It’s like having an entire supply chain team for free.
For cost-efficient prototypes and production
3-, 4- & 5-axis milling
Lead times from 5 business days
Lathes and live tooling ideal for cylindrical parts
60+ metals & plastics, including 10+ aluminum & 20+ steel
Lead times from 5 business days
CNC machining is the most common subtractive manufacturing technology and a hugely flexible and robust method for producing custom metal and plastic parts. Converting 3D models into G-code, CNC machines remove material from a solid block with various cutting tools. The most popular type of CNC machining is CNC milling, which combines the same computer numerical control (CNC) with a multi-point cutting tool or milling cutter to produce parts with tight tolerances and impressive mechanical and material properties. CNC milling, available in 3-, 4- and 5-axis machines, involves mounting a workpiece to a machine bed and letting automated tools do the rest. It’s ideal for complex design, being one of the most accurate manufacturing techniques on the market. Engineers turn to CNC milling for a huge range of applications, including parts for the aerospace, automotive, consumer electronics and medical technology industries, as well as prototypes and models. While 3D printing offers more design freedom, CNC machining outclasses most additive technologies for low- to medium-volume production, especially with the material range including aluminum, bronze, copper, steel and other engineering metals and polymers.
CNC turning is another popular type of CNC machining, which uses state-of-the-art lathes and turning centers to produce complex, robust custom metal and plastic parts. Using CNC lathes and turning centers, our manufacturing partners can provide cost-efficient parts with simpler geometries. Live tooling is available for more complex geometries and is assessed on a case-by-case basis. Experienced operators use CNC turning machines for operations including parting, boring, facing, drilling, grooving and knurling, in contrast to how CNC milling machines are used. In general, CNC turning is a more affordable alternative to CNC milling and can outspeed milling in cases where the cutting tool’s range of motion is a mitigating factor. It’s important to note that CNC turning isn’t optimal for material conversation, but this is often a necessary trade-in for speed and price. Thanks to the high speed of turning tools, parts will have a lower roughness than milled components.
CNC machining is an ideal process for producing custom parts with tight tolerances and high levels of precision. The only potential downside is that CNC parts often require post-processing to erase tool marks and improve their surface finishes for cosmetic and functional purposes. Applying the right surface finishes can improve your part’s surface roughness, cosmetic and visual properties, wear and corrosion resistance and a lot more. Hubs offers a wide range of surface finishing options, including smooth and fine machining, anodizing, polishing, bead blasting, brushing, black oxide, chromate conversion coating, electroless nickel plating and powder coating, as well as many other more specialized post-processing methods for niche industry applications. Every surface finish has its advantages and drawbacks, so choosing the right one depends on several factors. It’s important to evaluate how your part will be used and in what kind of environment to make the best determination. You can choose from a variety of surface finishes in Hubs’ quote builder and contact sales@hubs.com for more information.
Need parts manufactured closer to you? We’ve expanded our network with even more local CNC machine shops in both the US and EU to offer you a reliable solution for faster part sourcing. Now, you can decide where and when your parts are manufactured.
With Hubs Local, customers in the United States and Europe can choose to order parts from specialized manufacturers within their custom-clearance borders. This means lead times as fast as five days and fewer shipping and compliance hurdles. Find out more about
Hubs Local.
Here’s a small selection of the CNC machined prototypes and end-use parts we’ve produced for our customers.
We can generate instant machining quotes for 50+ metals and plastics.
Aluminum 7075-T7351 | 3.4365 | 76528 | AlZn5.5MgCu Aluminum 6061-T651 | 3.3211 | 65028 | AlMg1SiCu Aluminum 7075-T651 | 3.4365 | 76528 | AlZn5.5MgCu Aluminum 6082-T651 | 3.2315 | 64430 | AlSi1MgMn Aluminum 6060 | 3.3206 | AlMgSi Aluminum 5052 | EN AW-5052 | 3.3523 | AlMg2,5 Aluminum 2017A | 3.1325 | 24530 | AlCu4MgSi Aluminum 2014 | 3.1255 | 24345 | AlCu4SiMg Aluminum 6063 | EN AW-6063 | 62400| AlMg0,7Si Aluminum 7050 | EN AW-7050 | 3.4144| AlZn6CuMgZr Aluminum 2024-T351 | 3.1355 | 24530 | AlCu4Mg1 Aluminum MIC6 Aluminum 7075-T6 | 3.4365 | 76528 | AlZn5,5MgCu Aluminum 5083-H111 | 3.3547 | 54300| AlMg4.5Mn0.7 Aluminum 6082 | 3.2315 | 64430| AlSi1MgMn Aluminum 6061-T6 | 3.3211| 65028| AlMg1SiCu Show all alloys
Stainless steel 416 | 1.4005 | X12CrS13 Stainless steel 15-5 | 1.4545 | X5CrNiCu15-5 Stainless steel 301 | 1.4310 | X10CrNi18-8 Stainless steel 430 | 1.4016 | X6Cr17 Stainless steel 440C | 1.4125 | X105CrMo17 Stainless steel 420 | 1.4028 | X30Cr13 Stainless steel 304/304L | 1.4301/1.4307 | X5CrNi18-10/X2CrNi18-9 Stainless steel 2205 Duplex | 1.4462 | 2205 | X2CrNiMoN 22-5-3 Stainless Steel 17-4 PH | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCuNb16-4 - Annealed state Stainless steel 303 | 1.4305 | X8CrNiS18-9 Stainless steel 316/316L | 1.4401/1.4404 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2/X2CrNiMo17-12-2 Show all alloys
Mild steel S275JR | 1.0044 | Fe430B | IS2062 Mild Steel S235JR | 1.0038 | Fe 360 B Carbon steel C45 | 1.0503 | 1045 | EN8 Mild steel S355J2 | 1.0577 | 1522H | Fe 510 D Mild steel 1045 | 1.0503 | C45 | EN8 Mild steel A36 | 1.025 | Fe 410 Mild steel 1018 | 1.1147 | C18 |16Mn Show all alloys
Brass Cz121 | C38500 | 2.0401 | CuZn39Pb3 Brass C360 | 2.0375 | CuZn36Pb3 | 319 grade 2
Copper C101 | CU OFE Copper C110 | CU ETP
Alloy steel 1.7131 | 16MnCr5 Alloy steel 1215 | EN1A | 1.0715 Alloy steel 4340 | 1.6511 | 36CrNiMo4 | EN24 Alloy steel 4140 | 1.7225 | EN19 | 42CrMo4
Tool steel A3 - Annealed state Tool steel H13 | 1.2344 | X40CrMoV5-1 - Annealed state Tool steel S7 | 1.2355 | 50CrMoV13-15 - Annealed state Tool steel O1 | 1.2510 | 100MnCrW4 - Annealed state Tool steel A2 | 1.2363 | X100CrMoV5-1- Annealed state Tool steel D2 | 1.2379 | X153CrMoV12-1 - Annealed state Show all alloys
Titanium Grade 5 | 3.7164 | Ti6Al4V Titanium Grade 2 | 3.7035 Titanium Grade 1 | 3.7025
Inconel 718
Invar
We can generate instant quotes for 10+ surface finishes.
Instead of traditional, rules-based quoting, we use machine learning algorithms to compare your CAD to millions of previously manufactured parts and generate a quote instantly.
Upload a CAD to start (STEP, STP, IGES, IGS, SLDPRT, 3DM, SAT, STL, OBJ or X_T)
Price updates in real-time as you change materials, lead time, etc..
No hidden costs. Our instant quotes are not just indications, but the actual price, and include shipping and customs up front.
“Beautifully produced double sided spline shaft.”
“Form, fit and function are as intended. Quick turn around time.”
“Good parts as expected”
“Very good part.”
“Part looked fantastic”
“Fantastic machine finish. One of the best anodize finishes I've gotten from a prototype shop. Tolerances were held perfect.”
“Parts were very well manufactured, kudos. However the main point I like to praise is the speed of process and execution!”
“They turned out great. Good finish and good accuracy”
“The part was flawless.”
“Good job overall”
“Great”
“My parts were perfect!”
“Great price, good quality.”
“Very nice. Finish was very good with minimal tool marks.”
“Very nice work. The machined part had dowel holes of which were spot on in both size and position. Excellent work for not having the mating die-set part to work against.”
“Good quality. Reasonable price”
“Perfectly accurate machining and hardly any tool marks; their standard "As Machined" finish looks exceptional.”
“Fit, finish and function are perfect.”
“THESE WERE FIXTURES WHICH FOR TEH LOW QTY'S THIS IS THE PERFECT SEVICE FOR PROCURING THEM.”
“parts looked great”
“Parts came in as expected, on time, and you can't beat the price. The quick quote is awesome and the customer service is great. I would recommend this service, and will also use it again.”
“great quality”
“love your service and parts”
“we are very impressed and working on an order for 100 more pieces in Sept. thank you!!”
“Parts were perfect. Delivery was prompt. Great experience.”
Hubs takes the stress out of manufacturing by guaranteeing the quality and consistency of every part. Each order is dimensionally and visually inspected by our in-house quality control team to make sure it meets the Hubs Standard. If you’re not satisfied with your order, we’ll remake your parts as fast as possible, free of charge, or refund you - whichever you prefer.
Our platform accelerates prototyping development cycles by reducing pre-production admin from weeks to minutes:
Instant quotes
Instant DFM feedback
Online quote and order management
Live delivery tracking
Our intuitive platform automates the ordering process, but if you ever need us, we're here to help
For production orders, we have full-service teams ready to guarantee identical specs on every order for the best unit price:
Dedicated project managers in your time zone
Application engineers for DFM cost optimisations
First Article Inspection (FAI)
Manufacturing is about relationships, so we have staff on the ground wherever you are to help make sure everything runs smoothly and on time, every time.
If you need manufacturing that complies with ITAR, Protolabs can provide it. Protolabs acquired Hubs in 2021 to bring you the world's most comprehensive manufacturing solution. The digital manufacturer treats each of its factories as ITAR compliant, meaning that even for parts that don’t require it, all receive added security and confidentiality measures.
Order ITAR-compliant parts
We use automation to make custom machining easier, faster and more affordable than traditional machine shops:
We have an incredibly broad range of capabilities - much more than most individual shops.
Our quotes are generated instantly - request as many quotes as you like without feeling guilty.
No hidden costs - all costs are included in our quotes and we always commit to the pricing shown.
No limits on order size - we can scale with you from one-off prototypes to millions of production parts.
We leverage market forces within our network to guarantee competitive pricing on every order.
We machine rapid prototypes and low-volume production orders for customers in multiple industries: aerospace, automotive, defense, electronics, hardware startups, industrial automation, machinery, manufacturing, medical devices, oil & gas and robotics.
Hubs combines its instant quoting tool and a global network of CNC machining centers to manufacture custom parts for applications ranging from rapid prototyping to serial production. You can use Hubs’ digital manufacturing platform to source high quality, complex metal and plastic parts efficiently and reliably.
To start sourcing CNC-machined parts with Hubs, simply upload a CAD file and technical drawing to our free quote building tool. You’ll either receive an instant CNC quote and be able to start production in only a few clicks, or you’ll be directed to one of our engineers for potential design for manufacturability (DFM) guidance.
CNC machining is the most common subtractive manufacturing technology available today and an optimal method for producing custom metal and plastic parts for prototyping and production applications. Using CAD (computer-aided design) modeling software and G-code, CNC milling and CNC turning machines remove material from a solid workpiece with precision and speed.
CNC machines manufacture robust parts with tight tolerances and a range of impressive material properties (mechanical and chemical). Our custom CNC machining service is ideal for one-off jobs and low-to-medium volume production, thanks to automation and high repeatability.
Hubs’ global network of CNC machine shops comprises experienced manufacturing partners operating 2-, 3-, and 5-axis machines. Our machinists work with a huge range of materials, including aluminum, stainless steel, mild, alloy & tool steels and production-grade polymers. We also offer many different surface finishing options such as anodizing, electroless nickel plating, powder coating and custom part marking with laser engraving and silk screening. For certain types of parts, you can also request rapid machining to get your parts manufactured in as few as five days.
In January 2021, Hubs was acquired by Protolabs, joining forces to build the world’s most comprehensive online manufacturing platform.
Protolabs offers lightning-fast manufacturing with its automated in-house machines. The digital manufacturer is a great choice for geometrically simple (3- and 5-axis milling) parts and time-sensitive projects.
Interactive quotes with design analysis
The fastest turn-around in market (as fast as 1 day)
US export controlled parts (ITAR) or critical parts
Ideal for prototypes and small volumes of end-use parts
Hubs offers an incredible range of manufacturing capabilities and can support both one-off prototyping and full-scale production quantities. Hubs is the best manufacturing solution for geometrically complex parts (5-axis) and secondary operations such as specific surface finishes.
Instant online quotes
The widest breadth of capabilities, with 59 materials and 15 surface finishes (ISO-9001)
High-precision machining, with tolerancing down to 0.1 for plastics and 0.05 mm for metals (ISO 2768)
Going from prototype to production
Competitively priced for serial production
We guarantee that our manufacturing partners follow ISO 2768 standards for all CNC machined parts. Parts machined with metal will follow ISO 2768-m (medium) or ISO 2768-f (fine). Parts machined with plastics will follow 2768-m (medium). Geometric tolerances down to ± 0004 in. (0.010 mm) are possible but must be clearly indicated in technical drawings. We can achieve tighter tolerances on shafts with up to H7 fits with manual quoting and on occasion tighter.
Read more about our standards for tolerances here
At Hubs we offer CNC milling (3-axis, 3+2-axis and 5-axis) and turning. Milled parts can be machined up to 2000 x 1500 x 200 mm (78.7 x 59.0 x 7.8 in.) for 3/3+2 axis CNC milling. For 5-axis milling, the maximum part size is 650 x 650 x 300 mm (25.5 x 25.5 x 11.8 in.). The maximum diameter for CNC turning is 431mm (17 in.), length 990 mm (39 in). Minimum part dimensions recommended are around 0.39 x 0.39 x 0.39 in. (10 x 10 x 10mm).The minimum for feature dimensions is 0.5 mm.
We are limited to a 1000 mm (39 in.) maximum size for parts on our platform. If you need higher dimensions, you can place the request through your account manager.
Deburring and edge breaking are standard procedures for all CNC machined parts. If there are any critical edges that should be left sharp, they must be clearly indicated in technical drawings. Surfaces will be free of defects such as scratches, dents, stains, blemishes, hanging marks, minor defects. Surfaces indicated as critical (primary (a) side, as indicated on the technical drawing) will be free of mill steps and other marks. For the secondary (b) side, minor hanging marks and up to 2 minor defects are acceptable. A number of post-processing and finishing methods can be applied to improve the surface roughness, visual properties and wear resistance of machined parts.
We use machine learning algorithms to calculate the exact cost of any machinable part directly from a CAD file, based on millions of CNC machining orders we’ve previously processed. No more waiting for technicians to get back to you via email, we can generate an exact quote for you instantly (well, in about 5 seconds).
This means you always know the price up front. Simply upload a CAD file to generate a quote: get an instant CNC machining quote. Our quotes are completely free, you only need to create an account so we can protect your IP.
It’s so easy to use that we encourage mechanical engineers to use it constantly as they optimize their designs for cost. Whenever you’ve made a new design iteration, simply load both the old and the new design into our quoting tool and see if the price is different.
This technology means our manufacturing partners also don’t need to do their own machining quotes, which means less overhead for them. This makes the whole process less expensive, which translates into lower prices for our customers.
The main costs associated with CNC machining can be grouped into machining time, start-up costs, material costs, and feature costs. To reduce costs you need to understand the impact of these factors on cost.
The best way to reduce machining time is to design features that can be machined quickly, for example by choosing the correct radii for internal corners, reducing cavity depth, increasing wall thicknesses, limiting thread length and designing holes with standard sizes.
Material costs can be reduced by considering the size of the blank required, and the cost and machinability of the bulk material (softer alloys are faster to machine).
Start-up costs can be reduced by reducing the number part rotations or repositioning required to finish the part, for example by separating geometries into multiple parts that can be assembled later.
Feature costs can be reduced by only using tolerances when strictly necessary, removing all text & lettering, and avoiding multiple surface finishes.
These tips can be read in more detail in our full guide to reducing the cost of CNC machined parts.
We use algorithms to identify the best manufacturer in our network for your specific order, based on their proximity to you, their experience with similar parts and their available capacity right now. This allows us to balance our customers’ demands for speed, cost and quality better than ever before.
Hubs was started by mechanical engineers and we have many more engineers and technicians in our team. Together we’ve written a lot of content on CNC machining over the years. You can find a selection of resources below, or you can head to our knowledge hub and filter on CNC machining to read case studies, in-depth design guidelines and explanations of different surface finishes.
We’ve also written a complete engineering guide to CNC machining. Here you can learn about how the many different kinds of mills and lathes work and the different materials available, so you can easily compare their benefits & limitations. You’ll also learn the basic design rules for machining and the most common applications of each material and surface finish, so you can make the right choices every time.
Customers in the US and EU can choose local or global manufacturing for CNC machined parts. Local orders are manufactured within your customs-clearance zones, allowing for shorter lead times (from 5 days) and faster delivery as there’s no need for shipments to clear customs. Global orders generally result in longer lead times at a lower price. The best option depends on the timeline and requirements of your project.
Hubs was acquired by Protolabs in 2021 to bring customers the world’s most comprehensive digital manufacturing platform. Customers benefit from Hubs’ manufacturing capabilities as well as Protolabs’ in-house factories designed for automation and speed. Protolabs offers 1-day lead times – the fastest in the industry, and ITAR-compliant parts.
As we continue to integrate, you can read more about Hubs and Protolabs, and which to choose for your next project.
FDM, SLA, SLS, MJF
25+ plastics & 35+ colors
±0.5% dimensional accuracy with a lower limit down to ±0.0059 in (0.15 mm)
Lead times from 1 business day
Laser cutting, bending, post-processing
Tolerances down to ±.004 in (0.1 mm)
Lead times from 5 business days
Prototypes and production tooling
Wide range of part complexities and sizes
1 to 1M parts
Put your CNC parts into production today
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