I’m trying to print with PLA, and the software on my laptop is replicatorG. I’ve used the control panel to set the target heat to 190 on the extruder and 45 on the platform… but my printer still heats to 230/110 and it makes the prints fail after a few layers (due to the print failing to cool and becoming attached to the extruder or some similar problem)

I’m kind of new to this, so I’d appreciate any advice on how to change the heat settings so it stops going so high

Try using something different than replicatorG, it’s a bit outdated and there are a lot of better Slicers around now. Since the CTC is Basically a Makerbot Clone you can try Makerware. It’s very userfriendly for beginners.